A new subtype diverged from known influenza viruses long ago and does not seem to pose an immediate health threat
By Bruce Levine and Nature magazine
?|
February 27, 2012?|
Image: Amy T. Gilbert (CDC/OID/NCEZID)
From Nature magazine
Fruit bats in Guatemala are hosting a novel subtype of influenza A virus, according to a study published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The virus ? designated H17 ? appears to have diverged from known influenza viruses long ago, shedding light on their evolution. Therefore, it seems to pose no immediate threat to humans. However, it is similar enough to other subtypes that genetic exchange with them could pose a risk. "We can't say don't worry about it, nor can we say it's not dangerous. We just don't know yet," says study co-author Ruben Donis, chief of molecular virology and vaccines in the influenza division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.
Donis and his colleagues are now testing bats in South America, Africa and Asia to document the geographical distribution of influenza ? the first step towards determining whether bats are a reservoir behind outbreaks in humans.
"We are far away from speculating on any pandemic potential of this virus, but finding this ancient influenza subtype stresses again that bats are an important source of animal viruses," says Ab Osterhaus, head of virology at Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who was not involved in the work.
Bats have come in for scrutiny in recent years after being linked to the emergence of Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and nipah virus. "With more than 1,200 known species, bats are the second-largest mammal group, so it's not surprising that they carry a large diversity of viruses," says Jon Epstein, a veterinary epidemiologist at EcoHealth Alliance in New York. "Finding older lineages of influenza in bats doesn't necessarily increase the risk of influenza emerging into human populations, but it does help us understand the diversity of flu viruses in nature and how genes may be swapped between strains and species."
Probe power
Donis and his colleagues began developing molecular probes to detect viruses about eight years ago. At the CDC Field Detection Center in Guatemala, they used the probes to first screen for the presence of rabies virus in bats in 2009 and 2010. Then the samples were screened for other viruses, including influenza. Of 316 bats sampled from 21 species across eight locations, three little yellow-shouldered bats (Sturnira lilium) tested positive for H17.
"This study highlights the power of using generic PCR probes to broadly screen for and discover new viruses in new hosts ? something that can be done at labs throughout the world," says Epstein.
Ideally, Osterhaus says, the community will create an inventory of viruses identified in bat species to better determine the potential for viral spread to other mammals, including humans. "It is unfortunate that we are being blocked at the moment from publishing data on transmissibility of an avian influenza virus, which is crucial information we need for not just influenza viruses but for all emerging viruses," he adds.
What is not yet clear is how influenza is transmitted between the bats. "We think the intestinal tract, where we found the highest concentration of the virus, is the target organ ? suggesting infection may be the result of oral?faecal transmission," says Donis.
"If you want to go into virus discovery, start by looking at bats," says Osterhaus.
But what really drives disease emergence, says Epstein, is how humans interact with wildlife ? for example, by expanding agriculture and decreasing wildlife habitat.
Donis acknowledges that surveillance is costly and time-consuming, but argues that we should increase efforts to track both known and emerging pathogens. "The real questions are 'where else could we find influenza?' and 'have we looked carefully everywhere?'" he says.
[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Try as he might, Keiton Page couldn't rally Oklahoma State to one last landmark victory at Gallagher-Iba Arena.
Mac OSX Lion seemed unpolished, and, worse, not innovative. When Mountain Lion dropped a couple weeks ago, we were pumped: It was a relatively rapid update, and we hoped it would address our concerns. Hrmph. More »
Amoeba may offer key clue to photosynthetic evolutionPublic release date: 27-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Eva Nowack enowack@stanford.edu 650-739-4238 Carnegie Institution
Stanford, CA -- The major difference between plant and animal cells is the photosynthetic process, which converts light energy into chemical energy. When light isn't available, energy is generated by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars, just as it is in animal and some bacterial cells. Two cellular organelles are responsible for these two processes: the chloroplasts for photosynthesis and the mitochondria for sugar breakdown. New research from Carnegie's Eva Nowack and Arthur Grossman has opened a window into the early stages of chloroplast evolution. Their work is published online by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the week of February 27-March 2.
It is widely accepted that chloroplasts originated from photosynthetic, single-celled bacteria called cyanobacteria, which were engulfed by a more complex, non-photosynthetic cell more than 1.5 billion years ago. While the relationship between the two organisms was originally symbiotic, over evolutionary time the cyanobacterium transferred most of its genetic information to the nucleus of the host organism, transforming the original cyanobacterium into a chloroplast that is no longer able to survive without its host.
A similar process resulted in the creation of mitochondria.
To sustain the function of the organelle, proteins encoded by the transferred genes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, or cell's interior, and then imported back into the organelle. In most systems that have been studied, the transport of proteins into the chloroplast occurs through a multi-protein import complex that enables the proteins to pass through the envelope membranes that surround the chloroplast.
Clearly the events that gave rise to chloroplasts and mitochondria changed the world forever. But it is difficult to research the process by which this happened because it took place so long ago. One strategy used to elucidate the way in which this process evolved has relied on identifying organisms for which the events that resulted in the conversion of a bacterium into a host-dependent organelle occurred more recently.
Nowack and Grossman focused their research on a type of amoeba called Paulinella chromatophora, which contains two photosynthetic compartments that also originated from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium, but that represent an earlier stage in the formation of a fully evolved organelle.
These compartments, called chromatophores, transferred more than 30 of the original cyanobacterial genes to the nucleus of the host organism. While gene transfer has been observed for other bacterial endosymbionts, the function of the transferred genes has been unclear, since it does not appear that the endosymbionts (in contrast to organelles) are equipped to recapture those proteins, because they do not have appropriate protein import machineries.
The Carnegie team honed in on three of the P. chromatophora transferred genes, which encode proteins involved in photosynthesis, a process localized to the chromatophore. They set out to determine whether these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the amoeba and whether the mature proteins became localized to the chromatophore.
Using an advanced array of research techniques, they were able to determine that these three proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into chromatophores, where they assemble together with other, internally encoded proteins into working protein complexes that are part of the photosynthetic process.
Interestingly, the process by which these proteins are transported into chromatophores may also be novel and involve transit through an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, prior to becoming localized to the chromatophore. This suggests the occurrence of an initial, rudimentary process for proteins to cross the envelope membrane of the nascent chloroplast. This process ultimately evolved into one that is potentially more sophisticated and that uses specific protein complexes for efficient transport.
"This work demonstrates that P. chromatophora is a potentially powerful model for studying evolutionary processes by which organelles developed," Nowack said. "Obtaining a comprehensive list of proteins imported into chromatophores, including their functions and origins, as well as understanding the pathway by which these proteins are imported, could provide insight into the mechanism that eukaryotic cells use to 'enslave' bacteria and turn them into organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria."
###
This research was supported by Michael Melkonian, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the National Science Foundation.
The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Amoeba may offer key clue to photosynthetic evolutionPublic release date: 27-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Eva Nowack enowack@stanford.edu 650-739-4238 Carnegie Institution
Stanford, CA -- The major difference between plant and animal cells is the photosynthetic process, which converts light energy into chemical energy. When light isn't available, energy is generated by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars, just as it is in animal and some bacterial cells. Two cellular organelles are responsible for these two processes: the chloroplasts for photosynthesis and the mitochondria for sugar breakdown. New research from Carnegie's Eva Nowack and Arthur Grossman has opened a window into the early stages of chloroplast evolution. Their work is published online by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the week of February 27-March 2.
It is widely accepted that chloroplasts originated from photosynthetic, single-celled bacteria called cyanobacteria, which were engulfed by a more complex, non-photosynthetic cell more than 1.5 billion years ago. While the relationship between the two organisms was originally symbiotic, over evolutionary time the cyanobacterium transferred most of its genetic information to the nucleus of the host organism, transforming the original cyanobacterium into a chloroplast that is no longer able to survive without its host.
A similar process resulted in the creation of mitochondria.
To sustain the function of the organelle, proteins encoded by the transferred genes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, or cell's interior, and then imported back into the organelle. In most systems that have been studied, the transport of proteins into the chloroplast occurs through a multi-protein import complex that enables the proteins to pass through the envelope membranes that surround the chloroplast.
Clearly the events that gave rise to chloroplasts and mitochondria changed the world forever. But it is difficult to research the process by which this happened because it took place so long ago. One strategy used to elucidate the way in which this process evolved has relied on identifying organisms for which the events that resulted in the conversion of a bacterium into a host-dependent organelle occurred more recently.
Nowack and Grossman focused their research on a type of amoeba called Paulinella chromatophora, which contains two photosynthetic compartments that also originated from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium, but that represent an earlier stage in the formation of a fully evolved organelle.
These compartments, called chromatophores, transferred more than 30 of the original cyanobacterial genes to the nucleus of the host organism. While gene transfer has been observed for other bacterial endosymbionts, the function of the transferred genes has been unclear, since it does not appear that the endosymbionts (in contrast to organelles) are equipped to recapture those proteins, because they do not have appropriate protein import machineries.
The Carnegie team honed in on three of the P. chromatophora transferred genes, which encode proteins involved in photosynthesis, a process localized to the chromatophore. They set out to determine whether these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the amoeba and whether the mature proteins became localized to the chromatophore.
Using an advanced array of research techniques, they were able to determine that these three proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into chromatophores, where they assemble together with other, internally encoded proteins into working protein complexes that are part of the photosynthetic process.
Interestingly, the process by which these proteins are transported into chromatophores may also be novel and involve transit through an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, prior to becoming localized to the chromatophore. This suggests the occurrence of an initial, rudimentary process for proteins to cross the envelope membrane of the nascent chloroplast. This process ultimately evolved into one that is potentially more sophisticated and that uses specific protein complexes for efficient transport.
"This work demonstrates that P. chromatophora is a potentially powerful model for studying evolutionary processes by which organelles developed," Nowack said. "Obtaining a comprehensive list of proteins imported into chromatophores, including their functions and origins, as well as understanding the pathway by which these proteins are imported, could provide insight into the mechanism that eukaryotic cells use to 'enslave' bacteria and turn them into organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria."
###
This research was supported by Michael Melkonian, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the National Science Foundation.
The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Feb-24-2012 18:37Guest Opinion by Alan Wieder for Salem-News.com
Mandela later connected members of de Klerk's ministry, at the very least contiguously, to attacks.
Harvard University Gazette
(PORTLAND, OR) - The Wholistic Peace Institute is hosting a visit of the last apartheid president of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, to our city. President de Klerk was presented the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and is thus deemed a spokesperson of world peace by the Institute.
Alan Wieder - The Beacon
Let us not forget that Henry Kissinger also received the prize. In fact, while de Klerk clearly deserves mention and even praise for his part in negotiating the end of apartheid, he did it with blood on his hands, and he was even soiled further throughout his participation in the "peace" process.
Clearly, it is important to give de Klerk credence in terms of unbanning the African National Congress (ANC) and beginning personal and then official discussions with Nelson Mandela. It is also important to note that the build-up secret negotiations that took place from 1984 until 1990, when de Klerk did free Mandela, as well as the world economic sanctions and the disinvestment movement against South Africa, South Africa's negotiated defeat in its invasion of Angola and the great changes in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev as well as the coming down of the Berlin Wall, made the end of apartheid in South Africa inevitable.
What is most important in terms of F. W. de Klerk as a man of peace is that throughout the entire official negotiation process, 1990 through 1994, de Klerk was at worst ordering government inflicted black-on-black violence in an attempt to destabilize the talks, and at best turning a blind eye to what became known as the government's "Third Force."
Between 1990 and 1994 over 5,000 people were killed as the negotiations transpired. De Klerk was aware of the fact that his government was supporting, financing and in some cases fighting along side the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) members in their attacks on blacks who supported the ANC.
It is beyond the scope of this short document to provide the political history of the conflict between IFP and ANC. The leader of the former wanted power, as did de Klerk, and politics makes for strange partners to say the least.
There were numerous incidents of IFP attacks that Mandela, and later members of de Klerk's ministry, connected at the very least contiguously, to F. W. de Klerk.
- July 1990: ANC warned de Klerk's Minister of Law of coming IFP attacks in Sebokeng ? nothing was done.
-October 1990: Mandela confronted de Klerk about "The Third Force." His own Minister of Defense had already briefed him. De Klerk ordered an investigation that was clearly a whitewash and nothing else was done.
-April 1991: After many more murders Mandela, demands the firing of key ministers but de Klerk refused.
-June 1991: David Beresford's "Guardian" article showing documents proving government financing of IFP violence on the ANC follows this. De Klerk's reaction is to fire Vlok and Malan from their minister posts but he keeps them in his cabinet.
-June 1992: IFP and white men in black face attack black people who support the ANC in Boipatong.
There were many more attacks culminating in March 1993 when Mandela warned de Klerk there was intended IFP violence at ANC headquarters. De Klerk did nothing, and IFP members shot into the building with ANC guards returning the fire. More people died. It was after this confrontation that de Klerk finally admitted that there was a sinister force within his government. But of course he never took responsibility.
Just after he and Mandela were awarded the Nobel Prize, Mandela said, "De Klerk has allowed the slaughter of innocent people because they are black. It will remain a stain against him."
At the very least F. W. de Klerk turned a blind eye to murder. During Truth and Reconciliation (TRC) hearings, ministers in his government made veiled admissions and apologies. Later Adriaan Vlok said that de Klerk was giving the orders. We will never know if that is true. De Klerk only said his government never authorized assassination, murder or violence. Later he said he had a clear conscious while one of his commanders said that his Nobel laureate hands were soaked in blood. When F. W. de Klerk's TRC testimony ended, Bishop Tutu, truly a man of peace, could only cry.
______________________
Alan Wieder taught at the University of South Carolina for over 20 years and currently lives in Portland. He is on the faculty of the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa and is currently working on a book on the lives of South African struggle leaders Ruth First and Joe Slovo. He can be contacted at alanwieder@gmail.com.
First published by The Beacon- The Student Coice of the University of Portland since 1835
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Sometimes life imitates art, and sometimes life imitates a series of stupid spy movie cliches: a briefcase detailing a joint French/UK military drone was stolen in Paris. A briefcase! A briefcase full of secret documents. Christ, man. More »
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Back in December 2011, I wrote a post that asked 15 ?power users? their thoughts about the emerging platform. At the time, Pinterest was still really a ?niche? social network. Since then, Pinterest has completely blown up on it?s way to becoming THE ?it? social network of 2012. Shel Holtz recently confirmed there are now more than 50 million blog posts referencing or featuring Pinterest. Wow!
And, the growth isn?t all hype either. Pinterest is driving some serious traffic for some major brands. Consider that Pinterest is now driving more traffic than Google+, LinkedIn and MySpace COMBINED and you start to get a sense this might be just the beginning.
With all this hype, usually comes questions. From your peers. From your boss. From your boss? boss. So, it helps to have some Pinterest stats at the ready to share at the tip of a hat. Below, you?ll find 18 stats to bookmark and share with your boss when they come asking about Pinterest?because, if it continues at this rate much longer, sooner or later they will come asking.
* Pinterest is retaining and engaging users as much as 2-3 times as efficiently as Twitter was at a similar time in history.
* Etsy is the top site in terms of ?source domains??Google is second followed by FlickR, Tumblr and WeHeartit.com
*?Pinterest accounted for 3.6% of referral traffic, while?Twitter?just barely edged ahead of the newcomer, accounting for 3.61% of referral traffic. In July 2011, Pinterest accounted for just 0.17% of referral traffic, proving the site?s blockbuster growth.
* Pinterest has 10.4 million registered users
* According to AppData and Facebook, 97% of Pinterest users are women.
*?American users of the social network spend an average of 1 hour and 17 minutes on the site, well ahead of Twitter (36 minutes), LinkedIn (17 minutes) and Google+ (6 minutes).
* Top corporate Pinterest boards: Real Simple (34,517 followers), HGTV (17,824 followers), Nordstrom (9,886 followers), West Elm (11,547 followers); ModCloth (11,813 followers), Whole Foods (14,217 followers), Better Homes and Gardens (15,127 followers), Kate Spade (16,371 followers), Etsy (53,784 followers),
* Estimated unique visitors to Pinterest.com increased by 429 percent from September to December 2011
*?According to comScore, the average Pinterest user spend 98 minutes per month on the site, compared to 2.5 hours on Tumblr, and 7 hours on Facebook.
* Daily Pinterest users have increased by more than 145% since the beginning of 2012.
* Over 1/5 of Facebook-connected users are on Pinterest daily (which represents more than 2,000,000 members)
* Average minutes per Pinterest visitor per month in May 2011: 13.7 minutes; average minutes per Pinterest visitor per month in January 2012: 97.8 minutes
* Top areas of the country for Pinterest users: East South Central (Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee) and West North Central (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota)
* The biggest demographic for Pinterest: Women ages 25-34
*?Only 25% of Pinterest users have earned a bachelors or higher degree and the majority live off a household income of $25-75K.
* In the UK, the majority of Pinterest users are actually male (56% male; 44% female)
* Top interests on Pinterest in the U.S.: Crafts, Gifts, Hobbies/Leisure, Interior Design, Fashion Designers/Collections
* Top interests on Pinterest in the UK: Venture Capital, Blogging Resources, Crafts, Web Stats/Analytics, SEO/Marketing
Almost every business area in the united states has got perished in the modern regulation that?s the main nowadays in this American age group. The recent drop in the rates connected with commercial obstructs, in addition to the soaring rate connected with redundancy is usually pressuring individuals in the real estate investment business area who will be fighting to spend his or her loans. However, The presidents?s unique Commercial debt support plan is hauling aspire to the following essential business market place.
Unemployment has got grown to your levels that may be terrifying the conventional of just living of an large proportion of yank people. Appropriately, lots more people didn?t manage to pay the cost of rent and so, preferred to maneuver with others to reduce his or her let regular compensates. That clarifies the soaking of your occupancy premiums of many residence obstructs over The us. It is a basic formula; in case occupancy is usually very low, the business user?s profits will even reduce. Must be truth, about above 25% connected with commercial prevent home finance loan holders and cases are having difficulties meeting his or her Commercial debt monthly obligations and are seeking improvements with regards to commercial home mortgages.
The presidents?s brand new debt change method can be a rescue insurance policy for commercial home finance loan holders and cases who will be a pace from the foreclosed. The modern introduction key elements made virtually every commercial home finance loan case entitled to debt support. As well, several individuals are also entitled to acquiring federal financial products to assist them log off the soil. This qualification for commercial personal loan there?s help identified through the help of the next:
- This occupancy rate of your property which would end up being formulated directly into a quote of your regular earnings of the business.
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- History of the debtor as to punctuality inside providing monthly obligations.
Membership and enrollment for commercial loan modification applications can be screened through the internet. In seconds, many on-line services will assist you to see whether you will be to become authorized for commercial department support applications.
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Obama is expected for you to processor in more as compared with 5 billion dollars money over the following 10 years to avoid wasting the real estate market place. Commercial debt there?s help some sort of federal rescue insurance policy for the clearly strike real estate investment business market place.
As the art director of information graphics at Scientific American, I?m charged with developing explanatory art for some pretty mind-blowing topics. Our team?text editor, expert author, artist, and me?often works toward illustrating a process or concept that has never been rendered before, or may have only been visualized for other specialists in the field in the form of a journal article or conference slide. In other cases, we?re adding new layers of information or tweaking more familiar topics, as recent discoveries change or build upon previous ideas. My job is to shake out the visual jargon, organize the information, and work with freelance illustrators to bring these concepts alive for specialists and non-specialists alike.
In an article by Donald Goldsmith in Scientific American?s March 2012 issue, the illustration concept emerged quickly, but the details required a fair amount of back-and-forth to sort out. Upon reading an early draft of the manuscript, I thought it would be helpful to provide visual context for the concept of stellar evolution, particularly as it relates to mass: Stars of different masses die in different ways. Within this framework, we could introduce the new theoretical class of star discussed in the text?helium white dwarfs. We could use great primer information from Chandra as a point of inspiration, then update and customize to help illustrate our specific story.
The animation above shows the evolution of that art box, starting with how the information could fit into the larger story, then drilling down into the specifics of what, exactly, it would show. In the top right corner, we presented a basic star life cycle. In the chart below, we broke things down by mass, and showed variations on that theme, with a nod to relative time. The layout and general structure for the graphic remained pretty true to the original vision. But as you can see, the details were quite fluid as Scientific American?s George Musser (the text editor) and I sorted out specifics with Goldsmith. Tiny and repeated shifts in the content and symbol position were required as we hashed out the content. And then, some final aesthetic tweaks developed as artist Malcolm Godwin refined his renderings and brought the box to life. We hope you enjoy the final product. Let us know what you think in the comments below.
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Every generation has its James Dean: the rebel who refuses to follow the path beaten by their peers. Now, a new study in Current Biology has found a link between the amount of grey matter in one specific brain region and an individual's likelihood of conforming to social pressures.
Individuals are presented with many choices in life, from political alignments through to choosing which sandwich to eat for lunch. Their eventual decisions can be influenced by the options chosen by those around them. Although differences in individuals' tendencies to conform to social pressures are commonly observed, no anatomical measure has previously been linked to the likelihood of someone conforming under the influence of their peers.
Now, in research funded by the Danish National Research Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, scientists at New York University, Aarhus University and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at UCL (University College London) have identified the first such measure to predict how an individual will react to social pressure.
To identify structural measures of the brain that could relate to this trait, the team first measured the volumes of brain regions in 28 participants. This approach involved a technique known as voxel based morphometry, which allows researchers to measure the volume of grey matter (the nerve cells where the processing takes place) from three-dimensional images of the brain provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
To measure how participants responded to social influence, they were tested to see how their preferences for certain pieces of music changed after being told what authoritative 'music critics' thought about them.
A week prior to testing, each participant listed 20 songs they liked but didn't personally own. On the day of the test, the participants rated their choices out of ten.
Next, the researchers stated that music critics with expert opinions had listened to the participants' choices and had also rated these songs out of ten. The participants then performed a task comparing their choices with unknown music. Following the task, the participants rerated their 20 choices, and the degree to which their opinions differed in light of hearing the critics' ratings served as a measure of conformity under social influence.
Strikingly, only grey matter volume in one precise brain region ? the lateral orbitofrontal cortex ? was associated with this measure of social influence. The linear relationship between grey matter volume and the tendency of individuals to conform was observed in this particular region in both hemispheres of the brain.
In a previous study, the researchers had looked at the level of activity in the participants' brains when faced with disagreement with the experts. This activity predicted how much influence the experts would have. By comparing the measures in this new study with the previous findings, they were able to show that grey matter volume in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex also predicted how individuals responded when the critics disagreed with their opinions. These findings suggest that the brain region is particularly tuned to recognising cues of social conflict, such as when someone disapproves of a choice, which may prompt the subject to update their opinions accordingly.
Study leader Professor Chris Frith says: "The ability to adapt to others and align ourselves with them is an important social skill. However, at what level is this skill implemented in the brain? At a software (information processing) or hardware (structural) level? Our results show that social conformation is, at least in part, hard-wired in the structure of the brain."
Dr Daniel Campbell-Meiklejohn, first author of the study, explains the implications of their findings: "This opens a new chapter on the social consequences of brain atrophy and brain development. People with damage to this region often display changes of personality and social interaction. This finding suggests that perhaps we should look at how these individuals learn what is important from the expressed preferences of others."
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Wellcome Trust: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk
Thanks to Wellcome Trust for this article.
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Image: Amy T. Gilbert (CDC/OID/NCEZID)
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Public release date: 27-Feb-2012
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